R Advanced

To rename a file in R, you can use the file.rename() function. It renames a single file or multiple files simultaneously from an old name to a new one. It returns a logical value. The value is TRUE if the file was successfully renamed, and FALSE if it was not. Syntax file.rename(from, to) Parameters Argument Description … Read more

The prop.table() function in R calculates the proportion or relative frequency of values in a contingency table. It calculates the value of each cell in a table as a proportion of all values. For example, let’s say you have a table with a total of 5 elements like this: table(c(“A”, “B”, “C”, “D”, “E”)). Each value … Read more

The exp() is a built-in function that calculates the exponential of its input, raising Euler’s number e (approximately 2.718281828) to the power of the given value. For example, e^y or the exponential of y. The value of e is approximately equal to 2.71828. data <- 1 info <- -2 stock <- 1.9 exp(data) # Output: … Read more

The colMeans() function in R calculates the arithmetic mean of columns in a numeric matrix, data frame, or array. It efficiently calculates the average value for each column by summing the elements and dividing by the number of elements (or non-missing elements if specified). In the above figure, we defined an input data frame, df, … Read more

The rowMeans() is a built-in, highly vectorized function in R that computes the arithmetic mean of values in each row of a numeric matrix or a data frame (with numeric-like columns). Ensure that the object passed to rowMeans() is numeric or can be coerced to numeric. If it contains non-numeric columns, it will throw an … Read more

The colSums() function in R calculates the sums of columns for numeric matrices, data frames, or arrays. In this figure, we calculated the sum of each column in the data frame. For col1, the sum of values is (1 + 2 + 3) 6. For col2, the sum of values is (4 + 5 + … Read more

The rowSums() function calculates the sum of values in each numeric row of a matrix, array, or data frame. It quickly sums up data across rows without having to write loops, making it faster and more memory-efficient than manual iteration. In the above figure, we showed the sum of each row in a data frame … Read more

The View() is a utility function in R that invokes a more intuitive spreadsheet-style data viewer on a matrix-like R object. View() does not print output in the console or return a value — it is a side-effect function that launches a separate data viewer window. It is ideal for quickly checking data contents, identifying patterns, or … Read more

The summary() is a generic function that produces the summary statistics for various R objects, including vectors, matrices, data frames, and model objects. The above figure explains the summary for a data frame with three columns. For different types of objects, the summary() function produces different types of summaries: If the input is numeric, it … Read more

Standard Error (SE) measures the variability or dispersion of the sample mean estimate of a population mean. Here are three ways to calculate standard error in R: Using sd() with length() Using the standard error formula Using std.error() from plotrix package Here is the basic formula: where: σ = sample standard deviation n = sample … Read more