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The rnorm() method in R generates random numbers from a normal (Gaussian) distribution, which is characterized by a bell-shaped curve defined by its mean and standard deviation, which are widely used in statistical simulations and data analysis. To understand in simple terms, let me take an example. Let’s say I want to select some candies. … Read more
R cbind (column bind) is a function that combines specified vectors, matrices, or data frames by columns, creating a new matrix or data frame where the input objects are placed side by side. Syntax cbind(…, deparse.level = 1) Parameters Argument Description … It represents the objects that we need to combine column-wise. It can be … Read more
The rbind() function combines R objects, such as vectors, matrices, or data frames, by rows. It stacks rows vertically. The above figure illustrates how the rbind() method works on data frames, combining their rows. The data frame that is being stacked must have the same number of columns (or elements, in the case of vectors), … Read more
The log() function calculates the natural logarithm (base e) of a numeric vector. By default, it calculates natural log, but can also calculate to any base. The above figure shows that the output is the log of an input value 11. This method is mostly used in data scaling, mathematical transformation, and statistical modeling. Syntax … Read more
When working with R in an interactive mode, you don’t need to use any functions or methods to print the result of your expressions; it will print them automatically. Simply typing a variable or expression will print its value. data <- 42 data # [1] 42 However, you need functions to see the output if … Read more
To calculate the sample variance (measurement of spreading) in R, you should use the built-in var() function. It calculates the sample variance (using n−1 for unbiased estimation, where n is the sample size). By default, it does not calculate the population variance. Variance measures how spread out a set of numbers is around the mean … Read more
The tryCatch() function acts as a mechanism for handling errors and other conditions (like warnings or messages) that arise during code execution in R. It allows you to define custom behaviors when an error occurs instead of stopping the execution of the script. The tryCatch() function lets you define custom handlers for four conditions. Each … Read more
The grep() function in R searches for matches to a pattern within a character vector. It returns indices or values of elements that match the pattern. It is part of a family of functions that includes grepl(), regexpr(), gregexpr(), sub(), and gsub(). Syntax grep( pattern, char, ignore.case = FALSE, value = FALSE, invert = FALSE, perl … Read more
Whether you are reading or writing files via programs in the file system, it is necessary to check if that file already exists. If you don’t put a check in place, it can lead to either a program crash or an error. Checking if the file exists The most efficient way to check if the … Read more
The zip() function creates a new zip archive file. You must ensure that the zip tool is available in your system to work with zip() functions. For example, Windows and Mac systems have built-in zip tools, but Linux does not have a tool; you need to install it separately. Then, you can use this zip() function … Read more
