R Advanced

Picture this: You are playing Snakes and Ladder and need the dice to roll the same way every time. Sounds a bit like cheating, right? In R, you can have this superpower, introducing the set.seed() function. The set.seed() function sets the seed of R’s random number generator. The set.seed() function replicates the exact reproducible random … Read more

The copy-on-modify semantics is a memory management technique that modifies one or more objects, copies those objects to a new location in memory, and makes some modifications there, leaving the original unchanged. There are two types of copying in R: Lazy copying Copy-on-modify Lazy copying When you assign an existing object to a new variable, … Read more

The standard deviation is a measure that tells you how spread out data are in a dataset. It is a measurement of the dispersion of the values. Picture this: You and your friends live near each other and daily walk to the school. If you count the total number of steps you and your friend … Read more

The ln() function from the SciViews package calculates the natural log of the input vector. R does not come with an ln() function but provides a log10() function. Syntax ln(x) ln1p() lg() lg1p(x) E lb() Parameters x: It is a numeric or complex vector. Return value It returns the natural logarithm of a value. Example … Read more

The lwd in R is used to specify the width of plot lines. It is a parameter that can be set in various plotting functions, such as plot(), lines(), abline(), etc. Syntax of lwd parameter plot( x, y, pch = 1, cex = 1, col = 1, bg = 0, lwd = 1, lty = … Read more

The rnorm() function in R is used to generate a vector of normally distributed random numbers, which are widely used in statistical simulations and data analysis. You can also use the set.seed() function before using rnorm() to ensure that the same set of random numbers is generated again. Visual Representation Syntax rnorm(n, mean, sd) Parameters Name Description … Read more

The Error in nchar(x): ‘nchar()’ requires a character vector occurs when you are trying to use the nchar() function on a non-character object, such as a numeric or logical vector. To fix the error, ensure that the object you are passing to the “nchar()” function is a “character vector”. If the object is not already … Read more

The writeBin() function in R is used to write binary data to a file. It is a low-level function for writing binary data and requires understanding binary formats and data representation. It saves geographic data as a byte file in gzip compressed format (‘.gz’). Unfortunately, it only works with 2D (one-layer) spatial objects. Syntax writeBin(object, con, … Read more

The encodeString() function in R is used to encode character strings in various ways, particularly for ensuring correct alignment and handling of special characters. Syntax encodeString(x, width = 0, quote = “”, na.encode = TRUE, justify = c(“left”, “right”, “centre”, “none”)) Parameters x: It is a character vector or an object coerced to one by … Read more

The dQuote() function in R is used to add double quotes around a string. This function is specifically helpful when you need to present strings in a formatted way, such as in printed output or in constructing messages and plots. Syntax dQuote(x) Parameters x: It is a string or character vector. Return value It returns … Read more