Insightful Analytics
Krunal Lathiya 
Overview The easiest way to calculate the natural log of a number or vector in R is to use the built-in log() function. The natural log uses “e” as its base, whereas log10 uses 10. The “e” is Euler’s number, whose value is approximately 2.718. In R, the formula for the natural log is ln(x) … Read more
To convert a list to a numeric value in R, you can combine the unlist() function and the as.numeric() function. The “unlist()” function produces a vector that contains all the atomic components and the as.numeric() function returns a numeric value or converts any value to a numeric value. Syntax as.numeric(unlist(data)) Parameters data: It is the data … Read more
The lwd in R is used to specify the width of plot lines. It is a parameter that can be set in various plotting functions, such as plot(), lines(), abline(), etc. Syntax of lwd parameter plot( x, y, pch = 1, cex = 1, col = 1, bg = 0, lwd = 1, lty = … Read more
To convert a double or float to an integer, you can use the “as.integer()” function. Syntax as.integer(x) Parameters x: It is the object. Return value It returns an integer object. Visual representation Example 1: Converting a float to an integer r_float <- 11.21 print(r_float) print(typeof(r_float)) r_int <- as.integer(r_float) print(r_int) print(typeof(r_int)) Output [1] 11.21 [1] “double” … Read more
The dirname() function in R is used to extract the path to the directory from a full file path. Essentially, it returns the directory part of a file path, excluding the file name. This function is often used in conjunction with other file-handling functions like basename() (which extracts the file name) and file.path() (for constructing … Read more
The month.abb is a built-in R constant, a three-letter abbreviation for the English month names. Example 1: Basic usage month.abb Output [1] “Jan” “Feb” “Mar” “Apr” “May” “Jun” “Jul” “Aug” “Sep” “Oct” “Nov” “Dec” Example 2: Changing abbreviations to numerical month values If you have a vector of integers consisting of the number of the month, then … Read more
The seq_along() function in R is used to generate a sequence of integers along the length of its argument. Syntax seq_along(len) Parameters len: It takes a length as an argument. Return value It returns an integer vector unless it is a long vector when it will be double. Example 1: Basic usage of seq_along() seq_along(LETTERS[1:5]) … Read more
Pi is a built-in R constant whose value is 3.141593. Pi is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. Syntax pi Visual representation Example 1: Basic usage print(pi) Output [1] 3.141593 Example 2: Exponential value of pi To calculate the exponential value of pi, use the exp() function. exp(pi) Output [1] … Read more
