Insightful Analytics
Krunal Lathiya 
The summary() is a generic function that produces the summary statistics for various R objects, including vectors, matrices, data frames, and model objects. The above figure explains the summary for a data frame with three columns. For different types of objects, the summary() function produces different types of summaries: If the input is numeric, it … Read more
The paste() function in R concatenates vectors after converting them to character. paste(“Hello”, 19, 21, “Mate”) # Output: [1] “Hello 19 21 Mate” It helps us combine multiple strings or vectors into a single string or vector of strings, with customizable separators, constructing file paths and URLs, creating composite keys from multiple variables, manipulating text data, … Read more
R paste0() function concatenates strings without any separator between them. It is a shorthand version of paste(…, sep = “”). paste0(“Data”, “Matics”) # Output: [1] “DataMatics” paste0(letters[18:22]) # Output: [1] “r” “s” “t” “u” “v” It is helpful for generating variable names, file paths, labels, and identifiers in a vectorized, compact way. Syntax paste0(…, collapse … Read more
Standard Error (SE) measures the variability or dispersion of the sample mean estimate of a population mean. Here are three ways to calculate standard error in R: Using sd() with length() Using the standard error formula Using std.error() from plotrix package Here is the basic formula: where: σ = sample standard deviation n = sample … Read more
max() The max() function in R finds the maximum value of a vector or data frame. For example, if you have vec <- c(21, 19, 11, 2, 18, 3), then max(vec) will return 21. This function can be used with any data type that is coercible to a numeric type, including logical vectors where TRUE is … Read more
The as.Date() function in R converts various types of date and time objects or character strings into Date objects. Syntax as.Date(x, format, tryFormats = c(“%Y-%m-%d”, “%Y/%m/%d”), optional = FALSE, tz = “UTC”, origin, …) Parameters Name Description x It is an object to be converted. format It is a character string. If the format argument … Read more
The pnorm() function in R calculates the cumulative density function (cdf) value of the normal distribution given a specific random variable q, the population mean μ, and the population standard deviation σ. It returns the probability that a normally distributed random variable is less than or equal to a given value. It provides the probability … Read more
You may want to convert a vector to a string when you need to combine vector elements into a single character string for data export. For example, exporting into csv, text, or database files. Here are three ways to convert a vector to a string in R: Using paste() Using paste0() Using toString() Method 1: … Read more
Set the current working directory The setwd() function sets the working directory to the new location, allowing us to change the default location for file operations. The working directory is a location where R looks for files to read or save by default. Use absolute paths for reliability, relative paths for flexibility. Syntax setwd(dir) Parameters … Read more
The sd() function in R calculates the sample standard deviation of a numeric vector or an object, excluding factors. It uses Bessel’s correction (n-1). The standard deviation is a measure that tells you how spread out the data is in a dataset. It is a measurement of the dispersion of the values. If the standard … Read more
