R Basic

To create a data frame from vectors in R, use the data.frame() function and pass the vectors. Ensure you have the same length of all the vectors; otherwise, it throws an error. The above figure shows five vectors. Each vector has its own type and the same length, which is five. After converting vectors to … Read more

The append() function in R concatenates values to a vector or list at a specified position. It returns a new object without modifying the original. You can add a single or multiple elements to a vector or list. Syntax append(obj, values, after = length(x)) Parameters Name Value obj It is an original vector or list. … Read more

Here are three major ways to remove the last row from the data frame in R: Using nrow() with negative indexing Using head() Using dplyr::slice() We have already seen how to remove the first row and its use cases. Method 1: Using nrow() with negative indexing To determine the total number of rows, we can … Read more

Here are three ways to remove the first row of a data frame in R: Using negative indexing Using dplyr::slice() Using tail() Method 1: Using negative indexing Negative indexing is a method for excluding specific rows based on your requirements. Since we need to remove the first row, we can use df[-1, ], where -1 … Read more

To grow the list, you can add an element (numeric value, character vectors, other lists, data frames, or functions) at whichever position you like. You can add a single element, multiple elements, or a list as an element. The final way depends on the user’s intention. Here are five ways to append an element to … Read more

In R, unique() and subsetting with !duplicated() are efficient ways to remove duplicates. Duplicate elements in a vector refer to those elements that appear more than once. Duplicates can skew the data analysis and lead to inaccurate results. Removing them leads to more reliable insights. Method 1: Using unique() The unique() function is a one-step, … Read more

The length() function sets or gets the length of vectors or any other R object. vec <- 1:5 cat(“The length of vector is:”, length(vec), “\n”) # Output: The length of vector is: 5 If you apply the length() function on a vector, it will return the number of elements of the vector. For empty vectors, … Read more

Here are five ways to round numbers in R: Using round() Using signif() Using ceiling() Using floor() Using trunc() Rounding is a process of approximating a number to a shorter, more straightforward, and interpretable value while retaining its closeness to the original value. Here are some basic different types of rounding we use in our … Read more

For string operations like comparing strings, data standardization, formatting output, or input validation, we may want to convert the input to uppercase (or lowercase, depending on the situation) to ensure consistency and prevent errors caused by inconsistent capitalization. The toupper() function converts a string to an upper case. It accepts an input string and converts … Read more

The names() function in R gets or sets the names of objects such as vectors, lists, or data frames. If you are using it to fetch the name, it will return a character vector containing the names assigned to its elements or columns. Syntax names(obj) # To get names names(obj) <- value # To set names Parameters Name Value … Read more