R Basic

The %in% operator checks if elements of one vector are present in another vector. It returns a logical vector of the same length as the left-side argument. Each element in the output is either TRUE or FALSE, depending on the value matching. If the value matches, it returns TRUE; otherwise, it returns FALSE. If you apply … Read more

The %in% operator checks whether the element is present. And NOT IN (%!in%) operator does the exact opposite. The %!in% is a custom operator that checks if the elements of one vector are not present in another vector. It returns a logical vector of the same length as the left-hand vector, with TRUE for those … Read more

For understanding the central tendency of your input dataset, you need to calculate the basic summaries like mean, median, and mode. It gives you the data distribution, which tells you whether it is symmetrical or skewed. Mean Mean means the arithmetic average of a number in mathematics. An average is the sum of the total … Read more

The type.convert() is a built-in R function that intelligently converts a vector, factor, or data frame column into the most appropriate data type (integer, numeric, logical, complex, or factor) based on its content. Please note that we don’t need to specify which data type to convert to; this function automatically determines, which is the main … Read more

R vectors are atomic, meaning they contain homogeneous data types. They are contiguous in memory. Here are some of the best approaches for vector initialization and appending values in the future: Using type-specific functions The most efficient and quickest way to create an empty vector is to use type-specific functions like numeric(0), which will return … Read more

In R, you can think of a vector as a series of values in a single column. It contains the same data type. Each column of a data frame is a vector. So, if I have several vectors, I can combine them and create a data frame out of them. To create a data frame … Read more

The append() function in R concatenates values to a vector or list at a specified position. It returns a new object without modifying the original. You can add a single or multiple elements to a vector or list. Syntax append(obj, values, after = length(x)) Parameters Name Value obj It is an original vector or list. … Read more

In a real-life dataset, the last row may contain metadata, summaries, footnotes, or unwanted rows that are not needed for data analysis. That’s why we need to clean the data. Data cleaning requires removing unnecessary rows from the data frame for data accuracy and integrity. We have already seen how to remove the first row … Read more

When we attempt to remove the first row of a data frame, we are essentially selecting all the rows except for the first one. This means we are excluding the first row and retrieving all other rows in the data frame. DataFrames are like tables with rows and columns. To remove rows, you can use … Read more

To grow the list, you can add an element (numeric value, character vectors, other lists, data frames, or functions) at whichever position you like. You can add a single element, multiple elements, or a list as an element. The final way depends on the user’s intention. Here are five ways to append an element to … Read more