How to Calculate Z-Scores in R

How to Calculate Z-Scores in R

To calculate the z-scores in R, use either the “basic formula” or “scale()” function. The z-score is a measure that shows how much away (below or above) of the mean is a specific value (individual) in a given dataset. Method 1: Using the basic formula z = (X – μ) / σ Where: X is … Read more

How to Calculate Correlation By Group in R

How to Calculate Correlation By Group in R

To calculate the correlation by group, use the “group_by()” function to define the groups and then, use summarize() to apply the cor() function. Syntax library(dplyr) df %>% group_by(group_var) %>% summarize(cor=cor(var1, var2)) This specific syntax calculates the correlation between var1 and var2, grouped by group_var. Visual representation Example library(dplyr) # create data frame df <- data.frame( … Read more

How to Calculate Intraclass Correlation Coefficient in R

How to Calculate Intraclass Correlation Coefficient in R

To calculate Intraclass Correlation Coefficient(ICC), use the “icc()” function from the irr package. An intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) checks whether different raters can reliably rate elements or subjects. The value of an ICC can range from 0 to 1, with 0 suggesting no reliability among raters and 1 suggesting perfect reliability. Syntax icc(ratings, model, type, … Read more

How to Calculate Polychoric Correlation in R

How to Calculate Polychoric Correlation in R

To calculate the Polychrotic correlation, use the “polychor()” function. Polychoric Correlation measures the relationship between two variables.  The correlation is positive if the value is 1. The correlation is negative if the value is -1, or else 0. It assumes that the ordinal variables are categorized versions of underlying continuous normally distributed variables. Syntax polychor(data1, data2) … Read more

How to Calculate Autocorrelation in R

How to Calculate Autocorrelation in R

To calculate Autocorrelation in R, use the “acf()” method. Autocorrelation measures the correlation of a time series with a lagged version of itself and can be calculated using several functions, depending on the detail and context of your analysis. Syntax acf(vector, lag, pl) Parameters vector: It is the input vector lag: It represents the number … Read more

How to Calculate Cross Correlation in R

How to Calculate Cross Correlation in R

To calculate cross-correlation in R, use the “ccf()” function. It calculates the sample crosscorrelation (covariance) function of x and y up to lag. Cross-correlation measures the similarity between two-time series as a function of the displacement of one relative to the other. It is a useful tool in signal processing and time series analysis to … Read more

How to Calculate Point-Biserial Correlation in R

How to Calculate Point-Biserial Correlation in R

To calculate the Point-Biserial correlation, use the “cor.test()“ function. The correlation coefficient is a value between -1 and 1, suggesting the strength and direction of the linear relationship between the two variables, where: -1 suggests a perfectly negative correlation between the two variables. 0 suggests no correlation between the two variables. 1 suggests a perfectly … Read more

How to Calculate Partial Correlation in R

How to Calculate Partial Correlation in R

The pcor() function in R is used to calculate the partial correlations. Partial correlation measures the degree of association between two variables while controlling for the effect of one or more additional variables. This is particularly helpful in statistical analysis when you need to understand the relationship between two variables by removing the effect of … Read more

How to Calculate Correlation Between Multiple Variables in R

How to Calculate Correlation Between Multiple Variables in R

To calculate the correlation between two variables in R, use the “cor()” function. Correlation Between Two Variables Syntax cor(df$column1, df$column2) Parameters df: It is the input dataframe. column1, column2: It is the column1 correlated with column2. Visual representation Example 1 # Create a DataFrame df <- data.frame( x = c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), y … Read more

Covariance and Correlation in R [Real-time Project]

Covariance and Correlation in R [Real-time Project]

Covariance and correlation are fundamental concepts in statistics, and understanding them is essential for many types of data analysis. What is Covariance? A covariance matrix is a square matrix that shows the covariance between different variables of a data frame. It helps us understand the relationship between different variables in a dataset. Covariance is the statistical measure … Read more