R Basic

The paste() function in R concatenates vectors after converting them to character. paste(“Hello”, 19, 21, “Mate”) # Output: [1] “Hello 19 21 Mate” It helps us combine multiple strings or vectors into a single string or vector of strings, with customizable separators, constructing file paths and URLs, creating composite keys from multiple variables, manipulating text data, … Read more

R paste0() function concatenates strings without any separator between them. It is a shorthand version of paste(…, sep = “”). paste0(“Data”, “Matics”) # Output: [1] “DataMatics” paste0(letters[18:22]) # Output: [1] “r” “s” “t” “u” “v” It is helpful for generating variable names, file paths, labels, and identifiers in a vectorized, compact way. Syntax paste0(…, collapse … Read more

max() The max() function in R finds the maximum value of a vector or data frame. For example,  if you have vec <- c(21, 19, 11, 2, 18, 3), then max(vec) will return 21. This function can be used with any data type that is coercible to a numeric type, including logical vectors where TRUE is … Read more

The as.Date() function in R converts various types of date and time objects or character strings into Date objects. Syntax as.Date(x, format, tryFormats = c(“%Y-%m-%d”, “%Y/%m/%d”), optional = FALSE, tz = “UTC”, origin, …) Parameters Name Description x It is an object to be converted. format It is a character string. If the format argument … Read more

You may want to convert a vector to a string when you need to combine vector elements into a single character string for data export. For example, exporting into csv, text, or database files. Here are three ways to convert a vector to a string in R: Using paste() Using paste0() Using toString() Method 1: … Read more

R rep() is a generic function that replicates elements of vectors and lists for a specific number of times. The best use case is when working with time-series analysis; you may want to repeat certain values to simulate specific conditions and obtain an accurate output, which is where the rep() function is helpful. Syntax rep(vec, times = 1, … Read more

The strsplit() function in R splits elements of a character vector into a list of substrings based on a specified delimiter or regular expression pattern. In the above figure, we are splitting a character vector “string” into three substrings based on the space in between them. string <- (“Hello dystopian world”) strsplit(string, split = ” … Read more

The as.factor() function in R converts a vector object into a factor. Factors store unique values as levels and are essential for statistical modeling, data visualization, and ensuring the proper handling of categorical data in analyses. The above figure perfectly describes the conversion from vector to factor. The main difference between factor() and as.factor() is … Read more

The as.numeric() function in R converts valid non-numeric data into numeric data. What do I mean by valid non-numeric data? They are valid numeric values that are stored as text or categorical variables (factors). For example, “1” is a valid non-numeric data but “A” is not valid non-numeric data as far as the as.numeric() method … Read more

In R, you can use the dollar sign ($ operator)  to access elements (columns) of a list or a data frame by their name. It also works with your environment. For example, it can fetch you the current environment variables. With its help, you can add, modify, or delete variables from the list and data … Read more