R Basic

How to Round Numbers in R

Rounding is a process of approximating a number to a shorter, simpler, and more interpretable value while retaining its closeness to the original value. For example, if you are working in the finance division, you often publish a research report on the economy, where numbers in reports often round to 2 decimal points.

Here are some basic different types of rounding we use in our day-to-day life:

Decimal places: E.g., 3.14159 → 3.14 (2 decimals).
Significant figures: E.g., 0.00456 → 0.0046 (2 significant figures).
Integer values: E.g., 4.8 → 5.

Here are five ways to round numbers in R:

Using round()
Using signif()
Using ceiling()
Using floor()
Using trunc()

Method 1: Using round()

The round() function rounds numbers to the nearest integer or specified decimal places. For example, round(2.7) would give 3, and round(2.123, digits=1) would be 2.1. You can use it in general-purpose rounding where minor edge-case differences are acceptable.

num_vec <- c(11.23, 46.56, -21.89, -12.14)

round(num_vec)

Output

[1]  11  47  -22  -12

Pros

It provides a flexible rounding option.
It follows the round-half-to-even rule (avoids systematic bias in large datasets).

Cons

Its behavior is still unpredictable and can surprise the users.

Method 2: Using signif()

The signif() function rounds the value to a specified number of significant digits. It means keeping the first few most significant digits and rounding off the rest.

For example, signif(123456, digits=3) would give 123000. This type of rounding is helpful when you are dealing with a very large number and want to maintain a certain precision.

num_vec <- c(11.23, 46.56, 21.89)

# round each number to one significant digit
signif(num_vec, 1)

Output

[1] 10 50 20

Here is the explanation of the output:

11.23 is rounded to 10 because 10 is the nearest significant digit to 11.23 and not 20.
46.56 is rounded to 50 because 50 is the nearest significant digit to 46.56 and not 40.
21.89 is rounded to 20 because 20 is the nearest significant digit to 21.89 and not 30.

Pros

It preserves scientific notation.
It is ideal for maintaining precision in research/scientific reports.

Cons

It is not intuitive for decimal-place rounding.
It may obscure small differences in large numbers.

Method 3: Using ceiling()

The ceiling() function rounds up the value to the nearest integer. It is helpful in rounding up regardless of the decimal value. The output value >= the input value.

For example, ceiling(2.3) gives us 3. The real-life application for the ceiling is allocating space/resources.

num_vec <- c(11.23, 46.56, -21.89)

ceiling(num_vec)

Output

[1] 12 47 -21

Here is the explanation of the output:

ceiling(11.23) rounded from 11.23 up to 12.
ceiling(46.56) rounded from 46.56 up to 47.
ceiling(-21.89) rounded from –21.89 up to -21.

Pros

It ensures that values are not underestimated.

Cons

In some instances, it overestimates values which is not desirable.

Method 4: Using floor()

The floor() function rounds down the value to the next nearest integer. It works opposite of the ceiling() function.

num_vec <- c(11.2313, 46.5633, -21.89)

floor(num_vec)

Output

[1] 11 46 -22

If you round down 11.2313, it will return 11, which is the nearest integer. For 46.5633, it will return 46, and For -21.89, it will return -22.

Pros

It is good for conservative estimates.
It works consistently across positive and negative numbers.

Cons

Not suitable for neutralizing the behavior.
It may underestimate the value intentionally.

Method 5: Using trunc()

The trunc() function always truncates (cuts off) decimal places from values, effectively rounding towards zero. So, trunc(2.7) is 2 and trunc(-2.7) is -2. That’s different from the floor(), which would give -3 for -2.7.

num_vec <- c(19.21, 21.4619, -21.18)

trunc(num_vec)

Output

[1] 19 21 -21

The truncation of 19.21 is 19 because after removing .21, 19 is near to 0. So, the output is 19.

The truncation of 21.4619 is 21 because after removing .4619, 21 is near to 0. So, the output is 21.

The truncation of -21.18 is -21 because after removing .18, -21 is near to 0. So, the output is -21.

Pros

It is fast and predictable.

Cons

It is not suitable for rounding because it directly removes the decimal without rounding.

That’s it.

Krunal Lathiya

Krunal Lathiya is a seasoned Computer Science expert with over eight years in the tech industry. He boasts deep knowledge in Data Science and Machine Learning. Versed in Python, JavaScript, PHP, R, and Golang. Skilled in frameworks like Angular and React and platforms such as Node.js. His expertise spans both front-end and back-end development. His proficiency in the Python language stands as a testament to his versatility and commitment to the craft.

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