R Advanced

Here are the five ways to add single or multiple columns to a data frame in R: Using $ operator Using square ([ ]) notation Using cbind() Using tidyverse::add_column() Using dplyr::mutate() Let’s understand how this works behind the scenes. In the Data Frame, each column represents a vector. To add a column, we just need to … Read more

The square root of a number is a value that is multiplied by itself, giving the original number. For example, the square root of 16 is 4 because if you multiply 4 by 4, it will give us 16, so the original number is 4. To calculate the square root of a number, vector, matrix, … Read more

Duplicate rows refer to all the values across all columns that are the same in two or more rows. To avoid redundant data, we must remove duplicates from a data frame. For example, if the same row appears three times in a data frame, we must remove two rows because they are duplicates of one … Read more

A vector is a data structure that holds the same type of data. When working with real-time data, it may contain missing data, and it can be represented by NA (not available). For a proper data analysis, we need to exclude NA values from the vector. Now, you may have one question in your mind. … Read more

No matter how much technology has improved over the years for storing and sharing data, one format is still widely used in the industry: Excelsheet, which has file extensions like “.xls” or “.xlsx.“ Here are three ways to import Excel files in R: Using the readxl package (Efficient way) Using xlsx package RStudio’s Import Dataset tool For this tutorial’s … Read more

Most real-world data resides in external sources, including CSVs, Excels, Texts, or Databases. To bring back the data from these external sources, we need a bridge or function that we can use to analyze these data into our R ecosystem and further manipulate it to get the required results. That’s where a base function like … Read more

When you are working with large datasets, you often come across names that are in inconsistent formats or capitalization. To solve this problem, we need to standardize the format to improve data quality and consistency. One way to standardize is by converting the first letter of each word to uppercase. The most efficient way to … Read more

Here are four ways to append rows to a data frame in R: Using dplyr::bind_rows() (Efficient Way) Using rbind() Using nrow() Using dplyr::add_row() Method 1: Using dplyr::bind_rows() The most efficient way to append a single or multiple rows to a data frame is to use the “dplyr::bind_rows()” function. This function accepts a data frame and the … Read more

Dimensions are the structure of the data. A matrix has two dimensions: a row and a column, while an array can have multiple dimensions. Dimension labels are names that we can assign to a dimension. For example, for a matrix, row names are labels, and column names are also. The dimnames() function in R is … Read more

If you are working with a data frame where you need to perform mathematical operations like addition and subtraction on a column, that column is of type character, but the data is numbers. What will you do? This is where you need to convert that specific column to numeric. Here are four ways to convert … Read more