as.numeric(): Converting to Numeric Values in R

The as.numeric() function in R converts valid non-numeric data into numeric data.

What do I mean by valid non-numeric data? They are valid numeric values that are stored as text or categorical variables (factors). For example, “1” is a valid non-numeric data but “A” is not valid non-numeric data as far as the as.numeric() method is concerned.

If the character values are literal characters, this method won’t be able to convert them to numeric. If you use it on non-numeric characters, it returns NA for those values.

The primary purpose of this method is to convert a suitable factor, vector, character (posed as numericals), or logical to numeric values.

Syntax

as.numeric(character)

Parameters

Character vector to numeric

Let’s define a vector containing characters, but those characters are underlying numeric values.

If R can correctly interpret character values as numeric, it will convert successfully.

vec <- c("1", "2", "3")

as.numeric(vec)

# Output: [1] 1 2 3

You can use the is.numeric() method to check if the value is numeric.

vec <- c("1", "2", "3")

numeric_vec <- as.numeric(vec)

is.numeric(numeric_vec)

# Output: [1] TRUE

Factor

As we already know, factors are categorical variables represented as integers with corresponding labels. 

Here, we are more focused on the underlying factor levels, which are numeric values.

You can see from the above figure that even if the labels are character vectors, when you pass the factor to the as.numeric() method, it will return factor levels of the factor, which are the numeric values.

In the factor type, each level, represented by a unique string value, is replaced by its corresponding integer code. Factor levels are encoded as integers starting with 1.

factor_var <- factor(c("A", "B", "C"))

numeric_var <- as.numeric(factor_var)

print(numeric_var)

# Output: [1] 1 2 3

Logical vector

The logical vector can only contain two values: True and False.

If you pass this vector to the as.numeric() method, True becomes 1 and False becomes 0, which is a logical way to look at it.

vec_logical <- c(FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE)

vec_num <- as.numeric(vec_logical)

vec_num

# Output: [1] 0 0 1 1

List

What if your input is a list? Well, that list should contain valid values to convert to a number.

In this figure, we obtain the numeric vector directly in the output without needing the unlist() function.

num_list <- list(11, 21, 19, 46)

num_vec <- as.numeric(num_list)

num_vec

# Output: [1] 11 21 19 46

If our input list contains character values, it will return a vector filled with NAs; otherwise, it will return a vector filled with proper numeric values.

The above figure illustrates that when passing a list of mixed values, including both numeric and character values, character values are converted to NA, while numeric values remain unchanged.

num_list <- list(11, "KL", 19, "KB")

number <- as.numeric(num_list)

number

# Output:

# Warning messages: 
# 1: NAs introduced by coercion 
# 2: NAs introduced by coercion 
# [1] 11 NA 19 NA

Plotting

Let’s plot a chart of the town’s temperature based on the date (day by day).

To plot a chart, we need to convert character dates to Date objects and then convert the dates into numeric values using the as.numeric() method.

dates <- c("2024-09-21", "2024-09-22", "2024-09-23", "2024-09-24", "2024-09-25")
temperatures <- c(5, 8, 12, 15, 20)

# Converting character dates to Date objects

date_objects <- as.Date(dates)

# Converting dates to numeric (days since 1970-01-01)

date_numeric <- as.numeric(date_objects)

# Plotting

plot(date_numeric, temperatures, type = "b", xaxt = "n",
 main = "Temperature Over Time")

axis(1, at = date_numeric, labels = format(date_objects, "%b %d"), las = 2)

That’s it!